Golf Ball from Hairy to Haskell
Which came first – the golf club or the golf ball? The answer most emphatically is the golf ball, as the Rules of Thistle Golf Club history makes clear. In the first four hundred years of golf there were only four types of golf ball - the Hairy, the Feathery, the Gutty and the Haskell.
Everyone refers to golf as a ‘stick and ball’ game, and this has over-emphasized the role of the clubs, when throughout history, as today, the development of the golf ball has been more important.
Wooden Hairy Feathery Gutty Haskell
The ‘feathery’ or ‘featherie’, which dominated golf for over 200 years, was the making of golf on the links, but, before or possibly with the feathery, came the ‘hairy’, inexplicably written out of golf history, due partly to the romance of the feathery, though it was arguably the reason why golf initially developed in Scotland, when many other similar games died out.
Wooden
The use of wooden balls in golf in Scotland is an assumption, but without any definite evidence.
Wooden balls were used in games in northern continental Europe such as Colf, Crosse and Mail. Descriptions of wooden balls in golf and the types of wood used are derived from the use of balls in these games and not from any examples or accounts in Scotland of wooden balls in golf.
Spherical wood balls were smooth and thus not did not have good handling properties. Although they were more hard-wearing, the distance they could be hit was only about 75 metres and it is unlikely links golfers used these in preference to the hairy colf/golf balls which were available in Scotland from the early days of golf.
There are theories that wooden balls may have been used in a target version of golf in Scotland, but this is not golf proper and it is more likely than not that the ‘hairy’ colf ball was the first ball used for golf on the links in Scotland.
Hairy
The Romans had a small, leather stitched handball, called the harpastum, though there is no known connection to colf or golf and there is no evidence that they used this ball in any stick-and-ball game. The paganica was bigger ball, harder packed with hair or feathers, also used in hand ball games, but with no connection to golf.
The hairy ball was probably one of the balls imported between 1486-1618 from The Netherlands, where it was manufactured in large quantities as a by-product of the Dutch agricultural revolution. It came into its own on the Scottish Links. Leather stitched golf balls were been being made in Scotland from at least 1554, when there was a recorded dispute between the cordiners (leather workers) of the Cannongate in Edinburgh and the 'cordiners and gouff ball makers of North Leith'. The construction of the oldest 'football' in the world found in Stirling and dated to 1514 is identical to extant feathery golf balls, which strongly suggests this type of construction goes back to the very early days of golf. This makes it even more unlikely that wooden balls ever played any part in links golf.
Hairy Colf Ball from 16th Century found in 1984 in Amersfoort, courtesy of Archeologish Centrum Amersfoort, The Netherlands
The hairy was used in colf, particularly in the version played on ice, where it had better handling characteristics than wood. It is estimated that the ball could be hit 135-150 metres and it was more controllable than wooden colf balls, although it was prone to water damage. As the weather in the east of Scotland is comparatively drier in the winter and, as the links land dries quickly, ball damage would be mitigated.
The manufacturing technique would have been broadly the same as that outlined below for the ‘feathery’, and other materials such as cow hair or straw were used.
These balls apparently continued in use for decades, referred to as 'common' balls at 2 shillings, half the price of the best golf balls, from late 16th century until early 18th century.
There is a record of a dozen ‘goiff balls’ being purchased for £3 for the young Earl of Montrose in the early 17th century, which would be 5 shillings per ball and no small expense. In 1618, James VI/I granted a 21 year patent to James Melville and William Berwick to make golf balls in Scotland, as the cost of imported balls was becoming exorbitant, but this licence was later successfully challenged and became un-enforceable.
Feathery
The feathery or featherie is the most famous of all golf balls, though it is not definitively known when or where it was developed. There is a reference in the Edinburgh Testaments (vol xlvii 123b) to 'fyve scoir twell flok goiff ballis' (112 flok golf balls) in a will in 1612. Flok, from the Latin for 'floccus' meaning wool, is also used to refer to 'the down of unfledged birds' as well 'a tuft of feathers on the head of young birds' (OED) and is thus probably an early reference to feathery balls and may explain their origin. The cordiners began by using the sweepings out of bird coops.
The first reference to a feathery is in the Netherlands in a poem in 1657, as a pennebal, in connection with a Scottish 'cleek', so it is possible that the ball was developed in Scotland and the concept re-exported to the Netherlands.
No written reference to the feathery per se has been found in Scotland before 1724, when Alan Ramsay refers to it in an unpublished draft of a poem, cited in The Chronicles of Golf. The most famous mention at this time of the feathery is in 'The Goff' by Thomas Mathison in 1743 - “the feathers harden and the leather swells".
“..the work of Bobson, who with matchless art,
Shapes the firm hide, connecting every part,
Then in a socket sets the well-stiched void
And thro’ the eyelet drives the downy tide;
Crowds urging crowds the forceful brogue impels,
The feathers harden and the leather swells.”
Thomas Mathison 1743
Feathers are keratin, a hydrocarbon plastic, found in most animals, forming hair and nails in man. The manufacturing process began as three pieces of leather stitched together and turned inside out leaving a ¼ inch slit through which the feathers were pushed with the ‘brogue’ using the chest. The feathers and leather were wet and, as they dried, the feathers expanded and the leather shrank, creating a two way pressure and a tight ball with characteristics only recently matched by modern balls. Opinion is divided as to whether the feathers or leather were boiled and there was more than a 'hat' full of feathers in each ball. Afterwards the balls were painted white for protection and so that they could be found.
Early reports say a ball maker would make 2 to 3 balls per day. The New Statistical Account of Scotland 1838 estimated a expert ball maker could make 50 to 60 balls in a week. With Tom Morris as his apprentice, Allan Robertson made 1,021 featherie golf balls in 1840, 1,392 in 1841 and 2,456 in 1844. The work was hard, as shown recently by a review of autopsy reports of golf ball makers. Allan Robertson died at 44. Many of the Gourlay golf ball-makers at Bruntsfield also died young.
John Gourlay, 18th century ball maker from Edinburgh with an example of his feathery which sold at Bonhams for £5,000
Top quality featheries could sell for 5/- (5 shillings, called a crown), though there were lesser quality balls costing half that price. These were known as ‘common’ balls and were probably hairy balls or leather balls with cheaper materials or with course stitching and may have included recycled balls. Today, featheries from named makers such as Tom Morris or Allan Robertson command thousands of pounds at auction.
Featheries could be packed harder than ‘hairies’ and would thus travel further. In 1786, a controlled test in Glasgow recorded an average distance of 193 yards and 1 foot from 5 drives by John Gibson, ranging from 182 to 201 yards. The ‘official’ feathery record was set in 1836 at 361 yards by Samuel Messieux from Hole O’Cross green into Hell Bunker at St Andrews, wind assisted.
Gutty
From 1848, golf balls made of gutta-percha gum, called ‘gutties’ began to replace featheries. Several claims are made about the origin of the gutty.
The traditional story of their creation, relates that in 1843 Robert Adams Paterson a divinity student at St Andrews, received a package from Singapore of the God Vishnu packed in gutta-percha, which is dried gum resin from guttiferous trees, especially of the Malaysian sapodilla tree. It was not uncommon to make things from this gutta-percha packaging and Paterson tried heating and moulding it to make golf balls. His early experiments were not successful. After he graduated and emigrated to America, his brother continued his work to create an acceptable prototype golf ball, which he stamped “Paterson’s Composite – Patented”. The patent existed only in his imagination, as none was ever granted.
Gutty Golf Ball which sold at Christie's for £180 2006
Rev John Kerr, writing in 1896, does not mention this story but provides three other tales ascribing the origin of gutties to Dr Montgomery in 1842, Campbell of Saddell in North Berwick in 1848, and Mr H T Peter at Innerleven in 1848. They merely claimed to have discovered gutties, not invented them.
The first gutties were smooth, but it was soon noticed that the ball performed better after it had nicks and blemishes. It is said that a saddle maker in St Andrews used his tools to create regular grooves, which was better than random cutting.
The initial reception to the gutty was mixed, as it was not demonstrably better than featheries, merely cheaper and more robust. In 1848 Admiral W H Maitland Dougall at Blackheath adopted it, while Alan Robertson who saw them at Innerleven initially did not. John Gourlay at Musselburgh is said to have sent all of his remaining featheries to Sir David Baird and then gone wholeheartedly into the production of gutties. However, by 1860, gutties were good enough and popular enough to replace the feathery and a new era of golf was born.
In 1871, Willie Dunn at Musselburgh created a mould to make gutties, which was a quicker and more consistent method of production. Gutties were painted white or red for winter play, for the same reason as featheries, as protection and to be able to find them.
The cost of gutties was 1/- one shilling, much cheaper than featheries, and a main factor in bringing golf to the masses. The gutty lasted until 1900.
Haskell
Haskell Golf Ball, unsold at Mullocks Jan 2014
Coburn Haskell, an American, developed a wound core ball in 1898. In 1899, he and Bertram Work, an employee of the Goodrich rubber company in Ohio, patented the Haskell ball, as it came to be known, in 1899 – a solid core wrapped tightly with rubber threads covered with a layer of gutta-percha.
The ball arrived in Britain in 1900, but in 1905 Haskell’s patent in UK was refused on the grounds of prior existence from 1870. This means that, for different reasons, none of the golf balls which were the making of golf were patented in the UK.
The hand winding of the rubber threads was soon mechanized. The outside covering was initially a Bramble pattern, and it would be a dozen years before superior dimples patterns that we know today were developed.
Bobby Jones described this as the most important development in golf, and it certainly was of his life time. Within a few years, the Haskell was outperforming the gutty and superseded it.
In 500 Years of Golf Balls, Chick Evans relates how, when he was a caddy, he witnessed the first use, and loss, and finding of a Haskell golf ball.
Though the first 2-piece ball with solid core and cover, was developed in 1902, it would be decades before the Haskell ball was replaced. In 1967, Spalding re-devised this construction using Suralyn as cover. Since then, there has been a never ending explosion of 1, 2 and 3 piece developments of cores with variations of covers and dimples. The result is golf balls than spin slower off the driver, and hence slice less, but still allow control in short game.
This enables high handicap golfers to play like pros, as we all know.